Top 100 Most-Disruptive Papers

The 100 most-disruptive papers by the Funk & Owen-Smith CD (disruption) index, which measures how much a paper redirected the field away from prior work.

The disruption index is unreliable for papers published within the last 5 years — the forward-citation window is too short to score them — so recent papers are excluded from this ranking. A research reference for clinicians and trainees, not treatment advice.

  1. Hudson CN · 1972 · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · Ileostomy in pregnancy.CD 0.74
  2. Ricciuto A · 2021 · Gastroenterology · Predicting Outcomes in Pediatric Crohn's Disease for Management Optimization: Systematic Review and Consensus Statements From the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Ahead Program.CD 0.42
  3. American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Committee · 2003 · Gastroenterology · American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: perianal Crohn's disease.CD 0.33
  4. Jeffery PJ · 1977 · Lancet (London, England) · Treatment of haemorrhoids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.29
  5. Hellers G · 1980 · Gut · Occurrence and outcome after primary treatment of anal fistulae in Crohn's disease.CD 0.29
  6. Brandt LJ · 1995 · The American journal of gastroenterology · Results of a survey to evaluate whether vaginal delivery and episiotomy lead to perineal involvement in women with Crohn's disease.CD 0.23
  7. Quinn KP · 2020 · The American journal of gastroenterology · An Update on the Medical Management of Inflammatory Pouch Complications.CD 0.22
  8. Logan VS · 1969 · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · Anorectal tuberculosis.CD 0.21
  9. Waye JD · 1977 · Gastrointestinal endoscopy · The role of colonoscopy in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.19
  10. Burman JH · 1971 · Gut · The effects of diversion of intestinal contents on the progress of Crohn's disease of the large bowel.CD 0.14
  11. Leenen LP · 1989 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Some factors influencing the outcome of stoma surgery.CD 0.14
  12. Martínez-Borra J · 2002 · The American journal of gastroenterology · High serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels are associated with lack of response to infliximab in fistulizing Crohn's disease.CD 0.14
  13. Bartholdson L · 1975 · Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery · Repair of persistent perineal sinuses by means of a pedicle flap of musculus gracilis. Case report.CD 0.14
  14. Passaro E · 1976 · American journal of surgery · Bypass enteritis. A new complication of jejunoileal bypass for obesity.CD 0.12
  15. Lockhart-Mummery HE · 1975 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Symposium. Crohn's disease: anal lesions.CD 0.12
  16. Burman JH · 1971 · Gut · The fate of ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn's disease.CD 0.10
  17. Greenstein AJ · 1976 · Medicine · The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients.CD 0.10
  18. Williams DR · 1981 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Anal complications in Crohn's disease.CD 0.09
  19. Hultén L · 1971 · Acta chirurgica Scandinavica · Primary closure of perineal wound after proctocolectomy or rectal excision.CD 0.09
  20. Williams RN · 2009 · Journal of clinical pathology · Enteral Clostridium difficile, an emerging cause for high-output ileostomy.CD 0.09
  21. Ludwig KA · 1996 · American journal of surgery · Preliminary experience with laparoscopic intestinal surgery for Crohn's disease.CD 0.08
  22. Liu CD · 1995 · The American surgeon · Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.08
  23. Ritchie JK · 1974 · British medical journal · Results of surgery for inflammatory bowel disease: a further survey of one hospital region.CD 0.07
  24. Kennedy LJ · 2008 · Tissue antigens · Risk of anal furunculosis in German shepherd dogs is associated with the major histocompatibility complex.CD 0.07
  25. Berliner L · 1982 · The American journal of gastroenterology · Computed tomography in Crohn's disease.CD 0.06
  26. Rutgeerts P · 1991 · Lancet (London, England) · Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum.CD 0.06
  27. TRUELOVE SC · 1965 · British medical journal · PLACE OF A DOUBLE-BARRELLED ILEOSTOMY IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE OF THE COLON: A PRELIMINARY REPORT.CD 0.06
  28. Elbatea H · 2011 · Digestive diseases and sciences · Indications and outcome of colonoscopy in the middle of Nile delta of Egypt.CD 0.06
  29. Milsom JW · 1986 · Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics · Classification and management of postsurgical anal stenosis.CD 0.05
  30. Galandiuk S · 1995 · Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · A surgical subspecialist enhances general surgical operative experience.CD 0.05
  31. Hughes LE · 1978 · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · Surgical pathology and management of anorectal Crohn's disease.CD 0.05
  32. Buchmann P · 1980 · American journal of surgery · Natural history of perianal Crohn's disease. Ten year follow-up: a plea for conservatism.CD 0.05
  33. Deutsch AA · 1991 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Results of the pelvic-pouch procedure in patients with Crohn's disease.CD 0.04
  34. Shukla HS · 1988 · The British journal of surgery · Tubercular fistula in ano.CD 0.04
  35. Heimann TM · 1985 · Annals of surgery · Early complications following surgical treatment for Crohn's disease.CD 0.04
  36. Flake WK · 1979 · American journal of surgery · Problems encountered with the Kock ileostomy.CD 0.04
  37. Hurst RD · 1997 · Surgery · Prospective study of the features, indications, and surgical treatment in 513 consecutive patients affected by Crohn's disease.CD 0.04
  38. Guslandi M · 2005 · European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · Antibiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: do they work?CD 0.04
  39. Harper PH · 1985 · Gut · Role of the faecal stream in the maintenance of Crohn's colitis.CD 0.04
  40. Filippi L · 2006 · Clinical nuclear medicine · Tc-99m HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy with hybrid SPECT/CT detects perianal fistulas in Crohn disease.CD 0.04
  41. Karkos CD · 2001 · Annals of emergency medicine · Use of the intra-aortic balloon pump to stop gastrointestinal bleeding.CD 0.04
  42. King RM · 1982 · Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · Colovesical and rectovesical fistulas.CD 0.04
  43. Moss AA · 1978 · AJR. American journal of roentgenology · Radiologic and clinical assessment of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy in Crohn's disease.CD 0.03
  44. Schmidt GT · 1968 · Gut · Crohn's disease of the colon and its distinction from diverticulitis.CD 0.03
  45. Sohn N · 1980 · American journal of surgery · Anorectal Crohn's disease: definitive surgery for fistulas and recurrent abscesses.CD 0.03
  46. Kirkegaard P · 1983 · American journal of surgery · Perineal sinus after removal of the rectum. Occlusion with fibrin adhesive.CD 0.03
  47. Lindor KD · 1985 · Mayo Clinic proceedings · Preoperative nutritional status and other factors that influence surgical outcome in patients with Crohn's disease.CD 0.03
  48. Allan R · 1975 · Gut · Changes in the bidirectional sodium flux across the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's disease.CD 0.03
  49. Robertson WG · 1998 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Cutaneous advancement flap closure: alternative method for treatment of complicated anal fistulas.CD 0.03
  50. Carlstedt A · 1987 · International journal of colorectal disease · Long-term ileostomy complications in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.CD 0.03
  51. Fallingborg J · 1999 · Danish medical bulletin · Intraluminal pH of the human gastrointestinal tract.CD 0.03
  52. Moody G · 1992 · Digestion · Sexual dysfunction amongst women with Crohn's disease: a hidden problem.CD 0.03
  53. Leong AP · 1994 · The British journal of surgery · Life-table analysis of stomal complications following ileostomy.CD 0.03
  54. Buchmann P · 1980 · American journal of surgery · Carcinoma in a rectovaginal fistula in a patient with Crohn's disease.CD 0.03
  55. Greenstein AJ · 1974 · The American journal of gastroenterology · Crohn's disease of the colon. I. Fistula in Crohn's disease of the colon, classification presenting features and management in 63 patients.CD 0.02
  56. Bergan T · 1981 · Chemotherapy · Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in patients with enteric disease compared to normal volunteers.CD 0.02
  57. Hill GL · 1974 · Gut · Impairment of 'ileostomy adaptation' in patients after ileal resection.CD 0.02
  58. Farmer RG · 1976 · Gastroenterology · Indications for surgery in Crohn's disease: analysis of 500 cases.CD 0.02
  59. Wikland M · 1990 · International journal of colorectal disease · Gynaecological problems related to anatomical changes after conventional proctocolectomy and ileostomy.CD 0.02
  60. Tchirkow G · 1983 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Crohn's disease in the elderly.CD 0.02
  61. Coremans G · 2003 · The American journal of gastroenterology · Do anal fistulas in Crohn's disease behave differently and defy Goodsall's rule more frequently than fistulas that are cryptoglandular in origin?CD 0.02
  62. Faulconer HT · 1975 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Rectovaginal fistula in patients with colitis: review and report of a case.CD 0.02
  63. Brewer DB · 1990 · The Journal of pathology · Axonal damage in Crohn's disease is frequent, but non-specific.CD 0.02
  64. Abel ME · 1993 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Autologous fibrin glue in the treatment of rectovaginal and complex fistulas.CD 0.02
  65. Anderson R · 1976 · Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · Grafting the unhealed perineal wound after coloproctectomy for Crohn disease.CD 0.02
  66. Gemlo BT · 1992 · Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Patterns of failure.CD 0.02
  67. Corman ML · 1978 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Impotence after proctectomy for inflammatory disease of the bowel.CD 0.02
  68. Bahadursingh AM · 2003 · The Journal of reproductive medicine · Colovaginal fistulas. Etiology and management.CD 0.02
  69. Harland RW · 1992 · The American journal of gastroenterology · Anal tuberculosis: report of two cases and literature review.CD 0.02
  70. Bernstein LH · 1980 · Gastroenterology · Healing of perineal Crohn's disease with metronidazole.CD 0.02
  71. Markowitz J · 1984 · Gastroenterology · Perianal disease in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease.CD 0.02
  72. Kock NG · 1971 · Annals of surgery · Ileostomy without external appliances: a survey of 25 patients provided with intra-abdominal intestinal reservoir.CD 0.02
  73. Sheridan C · 2018 · Nature biotechnology · First off-the-shelf mesenchymal stem cell therapy nears European approval.CD 0.02
  74. Homan WP · 1976 · Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · Anal lesions complicating Crohn disease.CD 0.02
  75. Palder SB · 1991 · Journal of pediatric surgery · Perianal complications of pediatric Crohn's disease.CD 0.02
  76. Finegold SM · 1970 · The Journal of infectious diseases · The normal flora of ileostomy and transverse colostomy effluents.CD 0.02
  77. Farmer RG · 1979 · Journal of clinical gastroenterology · Long-term prognosis for patients with ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (ulcerative colitis confirmed to the rectum and sigmoid colon).CD 0.02
  78. Alexander-Williams J · 1980 · World journal of surgery · Perianal Crohn's disease.CD 0.01
  79. Oliveira L · 1997 · Surgical endoscopy · Laparoscopic creation of stomas.CD 0.01
  80. Swenson BR · 2005 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Modified two-stage ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: equivalent outcomes with less resource utilization.CD 0.01
  81. García-Olmo D · 2005 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · A phase I clinical trial of the treatment of Crohn's fistula by adipose mesenchymal stem cell transplantation.CD 0.01
  82. Vaughan D · 1999 · The New England journal of medicine · Treatment of fistulas with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a patient with Crohn's disease.CD 0.01
  83. Alexander F · 2003 · Journal of pediatric surgery · Fate of the pouch in 151 pediatric patients after ileal pouch anal anastomosis.CD 0.01
  84. Patel N · 2004 · Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · Gastrointestinal luminal tuberculosis: establishing the diagnosis.CD 0.01
  85. Baker WN · 1971 · Gut · Ileo-rectal anastomosis for Crohn's disease of the colon.CD 0.01
  86. Joo JS · 1997 · Surgical endoscopy · Laparoscopic surgery for lower gastrointestinal fistulas.CD 0.01
  87. Reissman P · 1996 · The American surgeon · Outcome of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in older patients.CD 0.01
  88. Berg DF · 2002 · American journal of surgery · Acute surgical emergencies in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.01
  89. Becker JM · 1999 · Gastroenterology clinics of North America · Surgical therapy for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.CD 0.01
  90. Koelbel G · 1989 · AJR. American journal of roentgenology · Diagnosis of fistulae and sinus tracts in patients with Crohn disease: value of MR imaging.CD 0.01
  91. Pezim ME · 1989 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Outcome of "indeterminant" colitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.CD 0.01
  92. Williams JG · 1990 · The British journal of surgery · Paraileostomy hernia: a clinical and radiological study.CD 0.01
  93. Mahadev S · 2011 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Quality of life in perianal Crohn's disease: what do patients consider important?CD 0.01
  94. Yamamoto T · 1999 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · Proctocolectomy is associated with a higher complication rate but carries a lower recurrence rate than total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn colitis.CD 0.01
  95. Toh JWT · 2018 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Major Abdominal and Perianal Surgery in Crohn's Disease: Long-term Follow-up of Australian Patients With Crohn's Disease.CD 0.01
  96. Rossi HL · 2002 · The American surgeon · Anal complications after restorative proctocolectomy (J-pouch).CD 0.01
  97. Taylor BA · 1989 · International journal of colorectal disease · The histology of anal skin tags in Crohn's disease: an aid to confirmation of the diagnosis.CD 0.01
  98. Schmidt CM · 2001 · Annals of surgery · Laparoscopic surgery for Crohn's disease: reasons for conversion.CD 0.01
  99. Jayanthi V · 1996 · Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · Does Crohn's disease need differentiation from tuberculosis?CD 0.01
  100. Guillem JG · 1992 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Factors predictive of persistent or recurrent Crohn's disease in excluded rectal segments.CD 0.01